Tweet-Tweet!
“From Empire to Commonwealth”
‘An eye-wateringly expensive and extravagant venture by the BBC to milk the Commonwealth nostalgia gripping the nation with the recent release of “YAXLEY”. However, it is incredibly informative with the interesting commentary by Stephen Fry and does reveal some useful unknown information. Worth tuning in to on Fridays at 9PM on BBC1.’ – review by The Times.
‘Stephen Fry makes the history of the Commonwealth fun! One watch is recommended!’ – review by The Guardian.
‘Not dry or dull in any way shape or form. A documentary that parodies itself! Nice watch, worth recommending!’ – review by The Telegraph.
EPISODE 1
(VO is Stephen Fry voiceover with requisite clips play in the foreground)
Locations within the Houses of Parliament, Stephen Fry walking through them.
Sir Stephen Fry (SF): Bertram Wilberforce Wooster (Pictures of Wooster flash), The Lord Yaxley, The Duke of Albany and Pembroke, names that, reverberating through this hallowed house of peoples, garner admiration and apprehension in equal measure.
As they should! Perhaps no man has had an impact, greater than Lord Yaxley, save perhaps Walpole or Cromwell, in these Houses of Parliament, and the less that is said about the latter here, the better it is.
Some, admire Wooster for transforming our nation, some revile him for breaking centuries of tradition. Certainly, “Progress Brooks No Ceremony” won and lost many hearts for him. (Campaign poster for the Liberal Progressive Party saying, “PROGRESS BROOKS NO CEREMONY!”).
For two decades, this one man, with his iron grip on the highest office in the land, changed the face and nature of British Politics and Britain in general.
(Clips of Lord Yaxley at No. 10 and in the House of Commons).
We all now live in a Britain completely unrecognisable from a century ago, thoroughly modern, and irrevocably changed. Back then, the Empire was all the rage. Britain ruled the Seven Seas with a firm grip, as master of a quarter of the world.
The Sun never set on the British Empire! (The popular newspaper drawing flashes).
Now, Britain leads a sovereign sisterhood, a vanguard of democratic values, liberties, and freedom, through the Commonwealth of Nations. And the Empire, with its odds, ends, faults, and praises all, is safely confined to the pages of history.
Naturally, behind every Wooster, there is a Jeeves. (In Jeeves’ characteristic manner.)
(Laughs) Something Lord Yaxley said fondly, and something, which was absolutely true.
(Promo clips of the series play with voiceover)
<VO: In this series, in collaboration with the Crown Estate and No. 10 Downing Street, and a herculean cooperative effort of several Commonwealth governments, agencies, and organisations, giving us access to never-before-seen archives, secrets, films, and redacted documents, we will uncover how Britain sailed to modernity. How, through much opposition, quite fervent in some cases, Britain, went from having a globe-spanning Empire to being part of a Commonwealth of Nations spread across the world.
We will see how our relationship with the Dominions evolved from that of mother and daughter to sister nations of the same family. From master and servant to equal subjects of the same Crown. We will witness the evolution of the lion cubs starting their own pride, out of their old father’s shadow.
Through it, of course, we may learn some interesting titbits about the life in this grand Palace of Westminster, where the Parliament of this nation has met for centuries, meet holders of many august and significant offices and observe the genealogical chart of the British Commonwealth.
We may also perhaps brush up on a bit of history and politics. Of the Commonwealth and beyond.>
SF: You may ask yourself why the BBC roped me in to present this monumental undertaking. It would certainly be a rational and rather pertinent question! A most germane question.
And to that I must answer, rather plainly, that I have had the honour of playing and representing Lord Yaxley, on the silver screen, in that Christopher Nolan motion picture, or biopic - as they’re called, named ‘YAXLEY’, (Poster flashes) which was lauded at the BAFTAs (whispers with a grin – We’ll find out about the Oscars soon enough!), and, I have also had the honour of playing and portraying the Lord Easeby, that is, Jeeves, in a now famous TV dramatization of P. G. Wodehouse’s novels (Picture flashes) opposite the commensurate talents of Hugh Laurie as the eponymous Wooster.
So, I can say with some good authority that I am intimately familiar with the characters of Lord Yaxley and his staunch confidante, from a perspective, at the very least.
It might also be of profound help that I was dandled on his knee as a wee babe and once spilt the contents of my dinner on him as a stripling – that was after a particularly vigorous chasing of the Wooster House pet, a snow-white Siberian Husky named Snowmane. God! I remember his face when his white waistcoat! It brings a joyful tear to my eye. I’m certain Harring the valet went through several seizures at that. (Laughs and wipes a tear).
I spent many wild years of eager frolick at Yaxburgh in Scotland - that thousand-year-old, beautiful, grand old pile, that has seen Woosters since before Brunabruh (Picture of Yaxburgh Castle), and Wooster House in Belgravia Square – that fashionable Victorian palace of the Marquesses of Pembroke, and the ‘IT’ place of high society at the time (Picture of Wooster House flashes), with Lord Yaxley, courtesy of the Princess, naturally. She was always fond of me. Many a sweet would unwittingly find it’s way to me, many thanks to her machinations. (Smiles wistfully).
And so, the BBC has decided I would be the man to reveal his indelible impact on our nation. It might also be the case that they asked Hugh (Laurie) or Maggie (Smith) or Lord Westerley (Sir Ian McKellen) or Emma (Thompson) or many other big names and they were elsewise occupied.
I shall, rather happily of course, have some sorely needed help.
Over the course of this series, we will meet several experts, historians, chroniclers, and personages - The Prince of Wales, Her Majesty the Queen, and Her Majesty the Dowager Queen of Prussia to name but a scant few. We will pick their brains for the facts that are so crudely condensed in a few lines in the textbooks. We will ask their opinions and learn some well-kept secrets. And we shall see Britain go from 1933 and beyond, “From Empire to Commonwealth”.
Title Sequence plays. Score by Howard Shore and John Williams.
We start, naturally, in the House of Commons, where some 90 years ago, Lord Yaxley rose to this dispatch box as His Majesty’s Most Loyal Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, beginning his meteoric rise into power. Golly gumdrops and good heavens indeed!
But that is a lie. As barefaced a lie can get.
Bertram Wooster’s career in politics began long before then, when he joined Parliament in 1927, as the Marquess of Pembroke taking up a seat in the Lords. His uncle, the previous Marquess, tragically died when the roof of the vicarage at Twing descended on him and his wife-to-be, and left “Bertie” Wooster, as he would call it, “the family shack”, to much horror and amusement from his relations.
Yes, his Aunts Dahlia and Julia were rather elated and his Aunt Agatha positively apoplectic in horror. (Laughs)
It wasn’t until his election by his alma mater (Picture flashes of Magdalen College, Oxford), as a Member of Parliament for the University of Oxford, that he made his first appearance in this House – the House of Commons. And by Jove was it an appearance!
Life in this House is seldom quiet or easy – Lord Urqhart would’ve told you it’s rather raucous, and that the MPs get up to all sorts of silly business. Lord Yaxley learnt that rather quickly, after getting into a fracas with Sir Oswald Mosley on his first day.
Mosley was, of course, a former inspiration for Lord Yaxley’s close friend and ally in the Foreign Office, Sir Roderick Spode, the last Earl of Sidcup.
(Whispers) It is still rumoured here, in quiet whispers, that he flattened Winston Churchill’s nose too when he heard derisive and racist remarks about several rising personages in the vastness of our Empire. Though the Churchill family, naturally, vehemently denies that. They were, of course, at loggerheads over India, so the enmity was organic and expected.
If only these walls could talk, eh?
(Newspaper clipping flashes reading, “Fracas in Parliament!”)
His rise began with the success in the Spring Budget of his first year, when then Chancellor Sir Neville Chamberlain agreed, on his suggestions, and backed up by some serious projections by renowned experts, to stimulate the flagging economy by spending on infrastructure. And then…
Location change to Dwaravati Bhavan (also known as Flagstaff House), New Delhi (the official residence of the Prime Minister of India) for a clip.
<VO: Building on his success in the Treasury, his 2nd major impact was convincing the ailing Prime Minister, Sir Ramsay Macdonald into being named plenipotentiary ‘Viceroy of India’, a title of which he would be the final incumbent.
Though Macdonald sent Wooster to India only to stabilise the situation and negotiate a return to peace there, he got far more than he asked for. Lord Yaxley arranged the Round Table Conferences, seeking India’s independence as a Dominion of the Crown, and succeeded!>
(Picture of Lord Yaxley in full viceregal regalia flashes, followed by a newspaper clipping from The Times – “Yaxley named Viceroy plenipotentiary – Is India lost?”, The Financial Times – “The Cost of losing India”, The Times of India – “New Viceroy, Lord Yaxley”, Dawn – “Our Chance!” and The Herald – “New page or same story?”)
SF: Naturally, as we’ve learnt from his very detailed and highly informative, and also terribly amusing, memoirs, Jeeves was behind all the successes. We’ll talk more about his term as Viceroy in the final episode of this series, but right now, it suffices to say, India became a Dominion and the Empire, for better or worse, was changed forever. Would you agree, Your Excellency?
Maya Sarabhai, the Viscountess Riverdale. (Prime Minister of India): Oh certainly! It changed the trajectory drastically! From clinging on to the past for dear life, like the French Empire, it forced the British Empire to evolve, adapt and change to what it eventually became.
India still is a Dominion, thoroughly changed from 1933, and yet it is. And never a day goes by without the Opposition claiming that we still slave away under the British yoke. To be fair to them, however, they have their imagination fixed on the depredations of the Raj and have scarce made the effort to move on to more modern challenges. (Laughs heartily).
Her Majesty is Empress of India in her own right, and her vicegerent, the Governor-General, is as Indian as it gets! I don’t think the His Serene Highness, Nawab of Pataudi, would find any amusement in being referred to as British in any sense of the word, however much he may love his cricket. I can imagine the sour faces he’d pull. (Laughs). Much like the rest of the Commonwealth, we are an independent, sovereign kingdom in a state of personal union with Britain, such that we share Her Majesty as our Sovereign Lady and Empress, and there lies the boundary, our Constitution clearly establishes that.
It has been ninety years since full patriation, one of the first Acts of our Parliament, and the passing of the Statute of Westminster, and also the promulgation of the Constitution of India. No Briton, save that rather pompous, delusional, and frankly ridiculous ‘India League’, claimed to control India since that time. To declare that India serves a mistress other than herself is folly, and Lord Yaxley is to thank for that.
Of course, without ‘the Jewel in the Crown’ as a long-suffering colony and cash-cow, things were bound to change. We kept the Empire in the green, and fed in sumptuous luxuries, while our people endured back-breaking poverty. When you wrest a source of such ample wealth from direct control, the coffers are naturally left wanting.
When I had the pleasure of meeting Lord Yaxley as a starry-eyed young MP some four decades ago, he laughed when we discussed Indian Independence, saying the Treasury never forgave him for that! (Laughs).
This of course forced even Churchill, in his position as Chancellor of the Exchequer, to admit that the Empire was a costly endeavour and a financial lossmaker, and that it needed to change. He might not have liked the changes Lord Yaxley made, but they were the right ones.
It was also often whispered among political circles at the time that we would be the first domino to fall or the snowflake that sets off the avalanche. When we became a Dominion, others in the Empire would soon follow. So yes, the Empire changed forever by our doing. Lord Yaxley’s subsequent terms are Foreign Secretary saw to that.
SF: Very true, Your Excellency.
Location changes back to the House of Commons
<VO: We shall greet the Prime Minister of India again in the final episode of this series, when we discuss India in greater detail. After all, much of Lord Yaxley’s career was because of India, and India forms an integral part of the Commonwealth family of nations. But for now, we must move to other things>.
SF: His appointment to those viceregal laurels was, of course, much due to his lady wife being a Royal Princess (Picture flash of Princess Victoria) and being “recommended” by the His Majesty the King himself to this office.
India, however, was only the beginning, the tip of the iceberg so to say. His success in keeping India in the “Empire” was met with much begrudging respect, if nothing else, even from those that considered themselves his nemeses, and despised his outlook on the empire as being a fellowship of equals.
The Round Table Conferences for India’s independence most definitely would look like “The Benny Hill Show” to us, with the amount of backroom dealing that went on in either delegation, but the result is as we see. India remained a united sovereign dominion of the Crown, the world applauded and promptly forgot, (The Times of India clippings – “Round Table Conference in London!”, “India Rules Itself!”, “Thank You, Wooster!”, “India Remains IN!”) and the BBC producer made several rude gestures for me to get a bally move on. (Laughs).
Location change to the Government House, Cape Town.
The true test of his mettle, his patience, and the outlay of his then revolutionary ideas for the “Empire” began with his rather cynical appointment by Stanley Baldwin, the returning PM, as Foreign Secretary.
Naturally, it was done on the recommendation of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Winston Churchill, with the idea to discredit him as a one-hit wonder, and to wait in the wings for his first faux-pas to exile him to the backbenches again, or, relegate him to the Lords for the remainder of his life even.
Still, to think about it! A Great Office of State in his 2nd term in Parliament! So many parliamentarians would do unspeakable things for that! I’m sure in our history, many have, we were not always this representative in our democracy, you know.
(Picture flash of Lord Yaxley entering KCS building)
Of course, a man as shrewd as Lord Yaxley, with the expansive and inimitable intelligence of Lord Easeby supporting and guiding him at every stage, saw through this poor ruse and the trap set for him, and demanded a carte-blanche to act as he felt necessary with the government granting him unquestioned support, as he put it, backing him to the hilt. In a way, not very different from his time in India. He naturally felt that evolution needed to be forced at this stage and debate would not do it, and he was right. It is however, quite undemocratic from a man who seemed to want to live and breathe democracy. Alas, we all have our faults!
After some initial opposition to the idea, the PM was somehow convinced to acquiesce. To this day, none can say for certain why the PM changed his position so drastically. I suspect some youthful indiscretions of the PM finally demanded a dear price.
(The Evening Standard clipping flashes – “EXTRA! PM endorses Yaxley! Full Foreign policy control!”)
I have with me, His Excellency, the Earl Chapman, the current Governor-General of South Africa, and Lord Yaxley’s great-grandson, to discuss more on his first term, starting in 1933, from office and personal records.
George Wooster-Mountbatten, the Earl Chapman: We have to naturally start with South Africa, it dominated so much of his earliest months at the Foreign Office, at least in the sense of the Commonwealth and Empire.
SF: I imagine, even today there is no love lost between Lord Yaxley’s memory and the Boers, or what remains of them, at any rate.
GW: Well, yes, that can be said with some certainty. Although the few Boers that remain in South Africa are not that well-liked by the majority of our people.
To be fair, however, the Afrikaners, who despise being lumped in with the Boers, don’t mind Lord Yaxley that much. They find Lord Yaxley’s vociferous support for the Hofmeyr-Smuts Reforms of 1935 to balance out the initial unpleasantness.
SF: The separation between Boer and Afrikaner today being?
GW: The Boers still continue to support the fragments of the National Party that have re-emerged in recent times, whereas Afrikaners subscribe to Hofmeyr’s moderate stance, the Afrikaners are generally Dominionists whereas the Boers are staunch republicans, the list could go on.
<VO: We’ll learn more about Hofmeyr in the final episode of the series when we discuss South Africa as well.>
SF: Shall we get to the juicy bits that people would be waiting for? Throw some meat to the tigers?
GW: (Laughs) To start, we can begin with the Boere Jeug and the Suiwer Afrika wings of the National Party, coming to prominence under Barry Hertzog after the Depression era.
<VO: Immediately on assuming office, Lord Yaxley was confronted with the National Party Government of South Africa instituting the first of its many planned segregationist policies starting with the ‘Enfranchisement Act’ or ‘Stemregwet’ of 1933.>
(Clips of PM Hertzog waving a newspaper which is brought into focus reading “APARTHEID, Ons Oplossing!”)
GW: We must remember, all the dregs, the odds and ends of Empire, with even a shred of xenophobia, drained themselves generally in our South African possessions then, which would be South Africa and Rhodesia. The Boers created an absolutely ideal climate for it. The National Party was simply an amalgamation of that petty superiority complex of the Boers. Their feverish fantasies of imposing neo-slavery were published in their writings extensively. Though those writings are banned in much of Africa, including South Africa, I’m told you can read the if you choose in the British Library.
Where wars failed, they tried to bend the law to do their bidding. They called it Apartheid.
This pettiness, came to the fore even more violently after Prime Minister Smuts had second the Identification Papers debacle. Where Smuts represented the moderate if conservative wings of the political spectrum, Hertzog was very much on the right. Not as far on the right as some of the rather “delightfully fruity” members of his own party, who would cause Hitler and Himmler to blush in their lack of sheer dedication, but on the right, nonetheless.
<VO: South Africa was always the most self-centred of the Dominions back then, chafing under any restrictions or impositions. It was also the Dominion, aside from Canada, to have the largest share of trade outwith the Empire, even with Imperial Preference, which it rarely abided by. So, when Wall Street crashed, it was very badly affected. And, where the rest of the Empire came out that Depression rather quickly, thanks to the Imperial Preference, South Africa defiantly endured a slump because of the National Party’s bullheadedness and the genuinely stubborn nature of the slump. They had, after all, lost their second largest trade partner in the US.
In 1933, on finally eking out of the slump at a snail’s pace, the NP, feeling the need the flex themselves even more and prove their independence from Westminster, decided on abandoning all moderation and that they would begin on their project of creating ‘the white man’s utopia’ in South Africa, starting of course, by limiting any democratic franchise offered to non-whites.>
(Graphs of South Africa’s declining economic growth from 1929-33 flash, then the text of the Enfranchisement Act)
GW: Remember, non-whites were already second-class, if not third-class, citizens, as we know from Mr Gandhi agitating for Indian rights in the first Identification Papers debacle, the NP wanted to effectively make them stateless and subservient to their ghastly ideal – in a word, slaves.
SF: Ah! So that is where the first of the famous Orders-in-Council features! If memory serves, Lord Yaxley forced the “Statute of Whitehall” through Parliament without debate so they could gag any legislation or executive action throughout Africa or the Empire at large, wherever the “Statute of Westminster” had not yet been enacted. I’m sure South Africa saw the imperious finger pointing at them in abject anger.
Still, I personally thought it was most authoritarian, Britain dictating what the dominions, who had effectively been granted self-rule, could and couldn’t legislate on.
<VO: Several instances emerged where this ‘Statute of Whitehall’ was used in the Empire, though, in most cases it was against legislation that actively discriminatory or criminal. In Rhodesia it was used against the “Native Representation Act”; in the Caribbean against the “Forestry Act”; and famously in Madagascar against the “Language Act”. South Africa remained the black sheep, however, a source of constant headaches and two more Boer wars.
It was only under the National Government in 1948 that this Statute was repealed.>
(Pictures of the Apartheid concentration camps and the Boer Wars.)
GW: His Private Office suggested it, Lord Easeby meant for it to be a stop-gap measure. Of course, the Boers changed the game with the declaration of another Republic an inevitable declaration of war.
Peaceful negotiations were out of the question; they’d have been laughed out of Cape Town. Westminster needed to be assertive. And they couldn’t ask the other Dominions to pressure South Africa, considering this was an outright infringement on self-government.
Australia and Canada were going through the same vehement debate about the Indigenous Peoples too, though thankfully, they came to more rational, inclusive, and amicable answers. I believe the fact that Parliament, or Lord Yaxley with his statute in hand, was willing to block Australian legislation to ensure we moved to more inclusive and representative government everywhere, jollied them to the right answers, if with a lot of grumbling and simmering discontent. New Zealand took on the suggestion quite brilliantly with the “Equality Act” of 1934 – its first step to becoming the Polynesia of today.
SF: (laughs) If our viewers were previously unaware, His Excellency is a scholar of Commonwealth Law and Parliamentary History, from his great-grandfather’s alma mater no less. So you say that the statute was merely to curb the excesses that some persons might engender ill views and use the Union Jack as protection against those excesses?
GW: Very much so, yes.
<VO: This infringement of the right of self-government did not go down well in Rhodesia, South Africa or Egypt, those being the only three with any amount of self-governance in the African continent under British administration. Some Colonial Governors did raise a fuss, but Lord Samuel, Lord Yaxley’s ally in the Colonial Office, put his foot down with that. Those that continued to protest, drew the ire of the Prime Minister even, and were swiftly replaced.>
(Clips of PM Hertzog making fiery speeches in front of the South African Parliament about infringement.
And the King of Egypt threatening to expel the British Resident.
Newsreels of protests.
Newsreels of Governors changing throughout the Empire.)
<VO: To save face, PM Hertzog hoped to negotiate clandestinely to water down the measures in the Act that resulted in this Statute, as far that it would nullify it almost completely, but Lord Yaxley stood resolute in disallowing such evil to take root in our Commonwealth>
(Picture Flash of The Times saying “Yaxley Unmoved! Hertzog’s turn”)
GW: With their magnum opus, the shield that they could rely on to oppress non-whites, thwarted and dead in the water, and the South African government unable to act on it any further, the NP turned to think of other ideas.
SF: Wasn’t this a constitutional crisis?
GW: Well, not really, as the Statute of Whitehall simply empowered the British Government to withhold legislative powers on this matter from the Government of South Africa. They couldn’t sidestep that.
So they decided to increase taxes on the poorest in society, the lions’ share of whom were non-whites, by claiming that the Exchequer demanded a fix to the running deficit and a better servicing of the national debt.
This ironically named “Equal Share Budget” or “Gelyke Deelbegroting” couldn’t get through the Royal Assent bar, causing a true constitutional crisis, as Parliament and Crown had a conflict of interest, until Hertzog backed down again.
Lord Clarendon refused Assent thrice, so, many thought Lord Yaxley instructed the Gov.-Gen. to refuse assent, but the man had done it out of his own volition, seeing no good could actually come of wringing the poor drier than a desert. Also, only the PM, by recommending an action to the King, would’ve had the power to ask the Gov.-Gen. to act in a certain manner, and no other member of his Cabinet, so it was moot speculation anyway.
SF: Surely, there’s only so many times that Assent can be denied to an Act of Parliament.
GW: Back then, such measures were still in flux. The duties of a constitutional monarch are to ensure the laws his Parliament debate and pass benefit the lion’s share if not all, not the other way around. Until the Constitution was formalised, Lord Clarendon, as His Majesty’s plenipotentiary vicegerent to South Africa, embodied all his powers and thus could refuse assent at his discretion for as many times as he saw fit.
Sounds absolutist I know, but no monarch had truly refused assent for two centuries before this. Oh, there would be blackmail, and hints of intrigue, but that was the settlement made of parliamentary supremacy. However, the prerogative remained with the monarch to exercise at they will. Until the Constitution formally delimited that, of course.
You might say that is what led to the English Civil War, and you would be right. However, monarchs had rarely refused Assent to anything unless it was gravely against the values of the country, so in a way it acted as a delicate final check on any policies such as the ones the NP was hoping to turn into law.
SF: Now its three times, if memory serves.
GW: Yes, that’s right. Its constitutionally limited to three times, no more. If the monarch refuses Assent a fourth time, which has never happened in our history, the bill would automatically become law if both Houses of Parliament pass it in a joint session.
SF: Couldn’t the NP government petition Westminster to have the Governor-General replaced with someone more amiable to their cause? That would still lie with the remit of their powers as His Majesty’s Government of the Union of South Africa.
GW: True, but the NP simply wanted an excuse to declare an emergency and use the Prime Minister’s discretionary powers to fulfil their desires. To rule by decree is what they wanted. Going by the law would mean it would take far longer to get what they desired, and they could be easily rebuffed. So they had lost patience for going by the book.
SF: Didn’t this infringement, this interference from London, cause the call for independence from under Britain’s thumb to grow louder and more forceful? Especially amongst the generally more republican establishment in South Africa?
GW: Of course, it did, and it culminated in the war.
They were hoping for it, or at least the odious elements that pressured the Prime Minister were, so, they tabled a bill so drastic and frankly shocking, it was bound to be blocked by Westminster. They called it “Aandklokwet”, or the “Curfew Act”. It was meant to grant the constabulary unchecked power to essentially oppress all non-whites.
<VO: There was once more an outcry from the moderate elements of society, and not just in South Africa. Everyone saw this blatant attempt for what it was, and Lord Clarendon even denied the Prime Minister an audience over this. Thoroughly frustrated and pressured by the more radical elements in his party to act, Hertzog took drastic action.
On the 4th of October 1933, using the excuse of the second constitutional impasse, and declaring the government to be in a complete gridlock, Prime Minister Hertzog unilaterally subverted the Governor-General Lord Clarendon and declared a state of national emergency himself.>
(Pictures of protests throughout India, Canada, and Britain flash. Clip plays of Hertzog making a heated speech in Parliament.)
(Pathe Reel plays – “Late on the evening of the 4th of October, the Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, General J. B. M. Hertzog, declared a state of national emergency, citing discord between his government, the Government of the United Kingdom, and the Governor-General of the Union, Lord Clarendon. He declared that this discord had brought the Parliament of the Union to a grinding halt and unable to exercise its duty of government. In a historic use of his discretionary powers, he declared all civil liberties curtailed and martial law active throughout the Union. With these actions, Crown rule in South Africa is now in question. It is His Majesty’s fervent desire that an amicable solution be found, therefore, the Prime Minister has decided to dispatch a delegation from the Foreign Office to negotiate a return to normality. We hope they succeed in returning peace to the Empire.”)
SF: Is there any truth to the ‘pie-in-the-face’ legend that has become so synonymous with the Yaxley myth in general? I must know. I asked him plenty of times, but he always gave me a wry smile at that changed the topic of conversation.
GW: In a way. To smooth the kerfuffle over this mess, Lord Yaxley was dispatched from Whitehall. Baldwin was clear and concise in his words, Yaxley made this bed, and he would sleep in it. Or so the rumour goes. Churchill gave all Tories a bad reputation, even the sound ones like Baldwin, so we don’t know what actually transpired on the night of October 4th. More like as not, Baldwin worried about chaos in the other Dominions’ reactions, especially India to such blatant interference and hoped that negotiations could bring about a fruitful outcome.
Of course, most people forget that India had already passed the “Statute of Westminster” along with Canada and so any interference from Westminster was impossible, it would come as a mere recommendations or suggestions to them at best.
SF: Hadn’t South Africa done the same? Considering the situation?
GW: The Status of the Union Act came after the Fifth War. And the National party was undergoing substantial turmoil to take advantage of the situation properly. The moderate wing of the party was shorn of all patience with all the antics that had transpired. So, there was considerable infighting there.
SF: So they didn’t manage to do it then.
I don’t understand the numbering of the Wars, there were only two Boer Wars before then.
GW: There were two Boer rebellions in 1919 and 1921 after Gandhi and Smuts’ dance around the Identification papers, most people disregard that. According to the newspapers, they called those rebellions the Third and Fourth Boer Wars.
I do question that, just as much as any sane man, drunken fools with sharpened sticks and guns older than their grandfathers do not rebel armies make, but we digress.
<VO: Protests erupted in Cape Town when Lord Yaxley, his deputy Sir Austen Chamberlain and Lord Samuel arrived to negotiate with Prime Minister Hertzog to restore parliamentary government in South Africa. Though insulted to be snubbed by Baldwin, Hertzog agreed to meet with the delegation to come to some settlement while saving face and keeping his seat of power.>
(Pictures of the delegation arriving in Cape Town and the protests in Cape Town by Boer farmers flash.)
(Pathe Reel plays – “A delegation from His Majesty’s Government has left for South Africa to negotiate an end to the political turmoil and impasse there and restore full constitutional sovereignty in Cape Town. The Foreign Secretary, Lord Yaxley, who heads this delegation, has been tasked by the Prime Minister to make Mr. Hertzog come to reason. His Majesty has wished him every success in this endeavour. With him are Sir Austen Chamberlain, his deputy and Lord Samuel, his Colonial Office peer. Negotiations will take place in Cape Town to restart the full function of government. We wave goodbye to them in hopes that a settlement is reached in this matter.”)
GW: A greater share of the protestors were Boer farmers, of Transvaal extraction, one of which thought it would be a right lark in the newspapers if the head of the British delegation was pie’d in the face. Naturally, Lord Yaxley gave as good as he got, and the chaos descended.
<VO: Sir Winston Churchill and Lord Yaxley were enemies over a myriad subjects and views, however, such a grave affront to one of His Majesty’s Great Officers of State could not go unanswered, even for him. >
(Clip of Churchill making a fiery speech in Parliament plays.)
(Pathe Reel plays – “The delegation from His Majesty’s Government in South Africa has been assaulted by agitators on the streets of Cape Town. The Prime Minister and the Chancellor of the Exchequer have warned this insult cannot go unpunished. The President of the Board of Trade has announced a full sanction on several goods through South Africa. Parliament is shocked and appalled by South Africa’s actions and urges of calm and caution have come from across the Empire. Time will tell if it is to be another Boer Rising to face the sons of the Empire.”)
GW: We have to remember that Hertzog wasn’t truly hoping for things to spiral so far out of his control. Much as most of the settler dominions, he was hoping this agitation, and willingness to abandon common sense in this case, would simply exasperate Westminster enough to wash its hands from interfering. It was the likes of Verwoerd, making trouble from the backbenches, getting increasingly vociferous, inching for war and “freedom”.
The NP finally fractured under all this, of course.
SF: When Hofmeyr and his moderates did the ‘ten-metre walk’?
<VO: Jan Hendryk Hofmeyr, the leader of the liberal and moderate wings of the National Party, increasingly frustrated with the direction that the government was taking in antagonising Westminster and Whitehall, finally decided enough was enough. During a heated debate in the South African Parliament between the Prime Minister Hertzog and the Leader of the Opposition, Field Marshal Smuts, Hofmeyr and all his moderate colleagues walked across the chamber to the Opposition benches, to the shock of everyone, to assume seats there, causing a parliamentary crisis and the fall of Hertzog’s government.>
(Pictures flash of several celebrities from across the Commonwealth doing the ten-metre-walk, a symbol of protest against any form of oppression.)
GW: Precisely! The implosion of the National Party was a shock to most people, including Smuts who could overnight re-assume premiership under the aegis of a revived United Party. Hertzog retired, having tired himself out with this mess, but like Kruger, the Boers used him as a martyr to declare another South African Republic, a spiteful slight spat in the Empire’s face.
SF: A slight no self-respecting power could let pass unanswered. Especially in an era where haughty politicians looked for an excuse to take umbrage at something.
GW: Exactly, once a river becomes a torrent, a man in no match to stay its course.
<VO:The wars have been made into ample feature length documentaries by the likes of Dan Snow, Tony Robinson and Mary Beard, and so we shall avoid stepping on their toes. It can be said however, that the Empire descended on the nascent rebellion in full force and patriotic vigour, and the Fifth War ended in the Armistice of Kimberly. >
(Picture flashes of the signing of the Armistice of Kimberly)
Location change to the War Archives Building, London.
SF: This 2nd Republic of Zuid-Afrika warred with the rest of the Empire for all of two months, before running out of food and ammunition, as they had not expected so swift, sure and furibund a response from the Empire. Their government in Pietermaritzburg reluctantly agreed to come to negotiations, when it was clear that their preparations were sorely lacking. That was, however, only a halt to the fighting, a ceasefire.
The government of the Dominion, under the Field Marshal Smuts, with a flurry of uproarious activity, passed what are known as the “War Measures”- full proportional representation and a universal franchise being among them. The most eventful legislation was, naturally, the Status of the Union Act of 1934, which akin to the Statute of Westminster, that all other Dominions had also passed by then, restricted Westminster’s right to interfere in Dominion Affairs without their express consent. The Dominion government also received a sum total of £763,000 worth of Royal Army equipment for their soldiers from Britain and the Empire at large.
Both sides were underprepared but naturally the Dominion prevailed with greater resources at its disposal, causing the Armistice.
Why an Armistice though, not a peace?
Hamish deWitt-Totts, 12th Baron Llanberis (Lord Chief Archivist of the United Kingdom): Well by the time they agreed to come to talks, one of von Ribbentrop’s agents, a ‘Mr Frobisher’ and one of Nungesser’s agents, a’ M. Georges’, had manged to covertly pass messages of support and arriving aid to them and through Portuguese Mozambique, Action Francaise and Hitler’s Germany agreed to supply them against the Crown while Smuts was dealing with the chaos of resettling proper democratic government in Cape Town. Mind you, this betrayal would come the bite the Portuguese in the backside in a fitting fashion.
And the talks were to be for their return into the fold and their surrender, which they felt was an insult upon their honour. With flowing arms and a betrayal by both the Portuguese and the French, if only some of the latter, it was no wonder that the negotiations for peace broke down and the Sixth War started. The Portuguese is understandable, they were still smarting from the Salisbury Ultimatum that prevented them for making their Pink Map a reality, and the French was actually expected, but the PM forbade Lord Yaxley from acting against either, we couldn’t afford that then.
SF: We can’t even call the “Sixth War” a proper war, can we?
BL: The tabloids do, we in the Archives refer to all of them as uprisings. It has, either way, entered common parlance. And we can’t say it wasn’t a war, it certainly lasted longer than the Fifth and was far, far more destructive.
<VO: The Sixth War lasted for far longer and was more brutal, with the employment of work camps for PoWs on both sides. The final Treaty of Oudtshoorn that brought an end to the hostilities was perhaps the harshest it could have been. South Africa, however, was burned and tired.
While Lord Yaxley earned a hero’s triumph in Parliament, South Africa was silently left to pick up the pieces of the most devastating war on its soil in thirty years.>
(Pictures and clips flash of the devastation brought about by the Sixth Boer War.)
(Pathe clip plays – “After months of ceaseless endeavour and gruesome fighting, our boys in brown have returned home with victory in their hands. The Boer Rebellions in South Africa have now been thoroughly quashed, and His Majesty is pleased to announce the restoration of peace and order to our Cape Dominion. Lord Yaxley has been praised throughout Parliament for taking a tough stance on the evil of xenophobia within our Dominions and Colonies. As the Empire gears back to peace once more, South Africa must repair the damage and destruction wrought in its shires, bringing the Empire’s fruit garden back to life. The Treaty of Oudtshoorn while considered harsh, is a fairer peace than Versailles, and the Foreign Office hopes that this generous settlement, along with the promised £15 million in aid to repair damages will assist in rewarming relations between the old lion and his cubs.”)